<div> The authors describe the main large-scale bioprocessing strategies for both stem cell culture and purification, envisaging the application of these cells for regenerative medicine and drug screening. They also explain bioreactor configurations, including their applications for stem cell expansion and/or differentiation, and discuss stem cell separation techniques, which aim towards both isolation and purification of rare stem cell populations. For a better understanding of these processes, they provide basic definitions for the different types of stem cells, from adult stem cells to the more recent and promising induced pluripotent stem cells. The authors also describe the main characteristics of these different stem cell types, alongside the molecular mechanisms underlying their self-renewal and differentiation. There is also a focus on methodologies currently used for in vitro stem cell culture under static conditions, including the challenge of xeno-free culture conditions, and culture parameters that influence stem cell culture. Chapters present novel approaches for both stem cell culture and separation in micro-scale conditions, including the use of cellular microarrays for high-throughput screening of the effect of both soluble and extracellular matrix molecules and the use of microfluidic devices for both stem cell culture and separation. The conclusion explores application of stem cells for regenerative medicine and discusses on-going clinical trials.</div>