<div> Lithography is the process of patterning and etching to create integrated circuits and other devices on semiconductor wafers. Photolithography cannot be scaled down much further, so in order to cope with the future reduction in size of semiconductor chips to nanoscale dimensions, scientists have turned to alternative nanolithography technologies. In addition to scaling issues, the increasing integration of multiple functions within a single device poses further challenges which drive innovations in nanolithography and nanofabrication. Part one covers lithographic techniques, including optical projection, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), electron beam and ion beam lithography, while part two covers applications of nanolithography.</div>