This text presents a problem-solving-based approach to evaluating and remediating academic skills problems. Leading authority Edward S. Shapiro provides practical strategies for working with students across all grade levels (K-12) who are struggling with reading, spelling, written language, or math. Incorporating the latest advances in evidence-based assessment and instruction, the fourth edition shows how the author's model fits perfectly into a response-to-intervention (RTI) framework.<BR><BR>Shapiro emphasizes the importance of evaluating academic skills in the context of the school curriculum. He offers step-by-step guidelines for assessing students' learning and their instructional environment through the use of systematic observation, rating scales, teacher and student interviews, examination of student-produced work, and skills probes. The book explains how to integrate and use the resulting data to design appropriate instructional modifications. It also describes progress monitoring procedures for determining both the short- and long-term outcomes of interventions. Research supporting the approach is clearly summarized. Special features include helpful figures, tables, and sample formsùmany of which are new or revisedùas well as in-depth case examples. A new chapter and case example in the fourth edition focus specifically on direct assessment and intervention within RTI. The companion workbook, available separately, contains practice exercises and reproducible forms.