Human Motivation offers a broad overview of theory and research, from the perspective of a distinguished psychologist whose creative empirical studies of human motives span forty years. McClelland describes methods for measuring motives, the development of motives out of natural incentives, and the relationship of motives to emotions, to values, and to performance under a variety of conditions. He examines four major motive systems: achievement, power, affiliation, and avoidance, reviewing and evaluating the large body of research on how these motive systems affect behavior. Scientific understanding of motives and their interaction, he argues, contributes to understanding of such diverse and important phenomena as the rise and fall of civilizations, the underlying causes of war, the rate of economic development, the nature of leadership, the reasons for authoritarian or democratic governing styles, the determinants of success in management, and the factors responsible for health and