This issue of International Review of Neurobiology brings together cutting-edge research on neuromodulation. It reviews current knowledge and understanding, provide a starting point for researchers and practitioners entering the field, and builds a platform for further research and discovery.<br><br>Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation, and provide their views and perspectives for future research<br>Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered<br>All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist