This updated and expanded edition of a much-praised classic survey comprehensively reviews the many innovations and changes that have occurred in the practice of minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS). The authors summarize the latest findings and results regarding such new techniques as robotic surgery, hybrid revascularization, the use of OPCAB in high-risk populations, and new less invasive surgical approaches to the treatment of atrial fibrillation. They also provide a medium term update on the current status of MICS in dealing with valvular and congenital heart disease and offer a more comprehensive understanding of procedures like mid-CABCs with longer term follow-up and randomized data to help tease out real benefits and limitations.