<p>In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870&ndash;71, a defeated and humiliated France split into cultural factions that ranged from those who embraced modernity to those who championed the restoration of throne and altar. This polarization&mdash;to which such iconic monuments as the Sacre-Coeur and the Eiffel Tower bear witness&mdash;intensified with a succession of grave events over the following decades: the crash of an investment bank founded to advance Catholic interests; the failure of the Panama Canal Company; the fraudulent charge of treason brought against a Jewish officer, Alfred Dreyfus, which resulted in a civil war between his zealous supporters and fanatical antagonists.<br><br>In this brilliant reconsideration of what fostered the rise of fascism and anti-Semitism in twentieth-century Europe, Frederick Brown chronicles the intense struggle for the soul of a nation, and shows how France&rsquo;s deep fractures led to its surrender to Hitler&rsquo;s armies in 1940.</p>