In 1882 the Smithsonian Institution Arctic scientist, Lucien McShan Turner, travelled to the Ungava District (encompassing Northern Quebec and Labrador) where he spent 20 months as part of a mission to record meteorological data for an International Polar Year research program. While stationed at the Hudson’s Bay Company Trading Post of Fort Chimo in Ungava Bay, now the Inuit community of Kuujjuaq, he soon tired of his primary task, and began to expand his duties to a study of the natural history and ethnography of the Aboriginal peoples of the region. His ethnography of the Inuit and Innu people was published in 1894, but his substantial writings on language and natural history never made it to print.<br><br>Presented here for the first time is the natural history material that Lucien M. Turner wrote on mammals of the Ungava and Labrador Region. His writings provide a glimpse of the habits and types of mammals that roamed Ungava 125 years ago in what was an "unknown frontier" to non-Inuit and non-Innu people. For this book, Turner’s writings on mammals have been augmented to include his notes on Inuit and Innu knowledge of mammals, which he documented in manuscripts that still remain unpublished. Illustrations of mammals have been produced and feature in the book alongside each mammal description, as do stories about mammals recounted to the editors by present day Inuit from the Ungava region. Photos taken by Turner appear in the book, as do more recent photos of mammals and material objects that Turner collected while in Ungava. This book of mammals of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Eastern Canada, which presents Turner’s historical accounts and contemporary Inuit stories and illustrations of mammals, will be of immense interest to anthropologists, zoologists, Arctic researchers, Northern educators, Arctic historians, linguists, storytellers, and to the Inuit and Innu people. This book is the first of a series on Turner to bring his extraordinary writings and the Inuit and Innu knowledge on which they are based, to the attention of science and the humanities.