In a translation of his 2011 doctoral dissertation at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Chamiel analyzes the response of three Jewish philosophers of early 19th-century Europe to biblical criticism challenging the divine origin of the Torah, religious reform within Judaism, the movement to integrate secular studies in the curriculum, emancipation and the neutralization of Redemption, improvement in the status of women, and religious tolerance. He shows how Z. H. Chajes of Galicia, Poland; S. R. Hirsch of Germany; and S. D. Luzzatto of Italy chose the Middle Way, which incorporated both Torah and modern science. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)