Lvov is a beautiful city in the Western Ukraine, one of the great tourist destinations of the region with a rich and magnificent history, but there is more to it than medieval walls and museums: it also has a history of mathematical thought and innovation. The Lvov school flourished between the wars, emerging suddenly and surprisingly, seemingly from nowhere: there was no significant mathematical tradition there. But it produced many of the most important mathematical thinkers of all time, in a short period: Banach, Ulam, Sierpinski, Mazur, Steinhaus and many others worked and made some of their fundamental discoveries here. This short history of the Lvov School of Mathematics combines biographical sketches with descriptions and solutions of many mathematical problems that had occupied these thinkers. The first part provides the background for the growth of mathematical school in Lvov before the First World War, and an overview of actively developing mathematical fields in Poland at the time; the second part contains the problems, research details and biographies. The achievements of the schools are the subject of a series of following chapters, and final concluding remarks discuss the effect of Soviet and German policies on the school and its loss of international significance, and a chronological review of its work and significance in international context. Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)