Since independence, the West African subregion has been the arena for a number of large-scale conflicts and civil wars, as well as various low-intensity conflicts, with conflicts largely clustered around subregional conflict systems. Contrary to perceptions however, the subregion in its post-independence history has seen fewer conflict events, and fatalities as a result of conflict, than have the other subregions on the continent. The turn of the millennium has witnessed the recession of large-scale and conventional conflict, but ushered in a series of new and emerging threats. The spectre of religious extremism, maritime piracy, and narcotics trafficking threatens to undermine some of the progress achieved in recent years. This book seeks to critically examine the challenges of fragility and security in West Africa, along with the factors of resilience. It seeks to investigate key drivers of conflict and violence, and the way in which they impact the countries of the subregion. Along with emerging threats and challenges, these include the challenge of youth inclusion; migration; regional imbalances; extractives; the fragility of political institutions and managing the competition for power; security; and land. The book explores how the subregion, under the auspices of the regional organization ECOWAS has become a pioneer on the continent in terms of addressing regional challenges. This book also seeks to identify key lessons in the dynamics of resilience against political violence and civil war, drawn from countries such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire that can be useful for countries around the world in the midst of similar situations. Finally, it draws on knowledge and findings from a series background papers written by leading experts, and provides insights from the perspectives of academics and development practitioners.